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Return a new uppercase string.

"python".upper()  # PYTHON

Split text into a list at each separator.

"a,b".split(",")  # ["a", "b"]

Join string items with a separator.

"-".join(["a", "b"])  # a-b

Add one item at the end; mutates the list.

items.append("Python")

Add every item from another iterable.

[1].extend([2, 3])

Return a sorted list without mutating the input.

sorted([3, 1, 2])

Intersection: values present in both sets.

{1, 2} & {2, 3}  # {2}

Union: values present in either set.

{1, 2} | {2, 3}

Read a key safely with a fallback.

profile.get("phone", "N/A")

Iterate over key-value pairs.

for key, value in data.items(): ...

Floor division and remainder.

17 // 5 == 3; 17 % 5 == 2

Test whether a collection contains a value.

"Py" in "Python"

A value has the right broad type but invalid content.

int("hello")

A dictionary lookup used a missing key.

{}["missing"]

Open a file and guarantee cleanup after the block.

with open("data.txt") as file: ...

Read, replace-write, append, and create-only modes.

open("log.txt", "a")

Pair each value with a counter.

enumerate(names, start=1)

Pair values from multiple iterables.

list(zip(names, scores))

Create an isolated virtual environment.

python -m venv .venv

Install a package for the selected interpreter.

python -m pip install requests